A short one, will post some originality the next few days. The source for below is the WSJ.com.
Infinite Speculator
By JOHN W. MILLER DOW JONES NEWSWIRESAugust 29, 2005
ATHENS -- In his regular job, Emmanuel Kondopirakis teaches math at an elite New York City engineering school. Now he is trying to teach tough accounting standards to a failing student -- the Greek government.
To Mr. Kondopirakis's supporters, his quest as secretary-general of Greece's National Statistical Service is a long-overdue cleanup of sloppy and sometimes misleading reporting that undermined Greece's credibility and shook the honor system that underpins the euro currency.
But to his critics, the campaign to overhaul the country's budgeting is a politically motivated effort to attack the previous government. Both sides have a point, says Platon Monokroussos, an economist at EFG Eurobank in Athens. Greece's conservative New Democracy party, which defeated the Panhellenic Socialist Movement party in 2004, "has tried to score political points," he says, but at the same time, the country's "statistical problems were very real."
At issue is Greece's embarrassing disclosure last year -- after Mr. Kondopirakis began overhauling government bookkeeping -- that it underestimated the country's budget deficit between 1997 and 2004 by some €25 billion, or $30.75 billion. The resulting eight years of revised figures raised questions about whether Greece fiddled with its budget numbers so it could meet a key European Union deficit limit that allowed the country to adopt the euro in 2001. The flap also fueled growing doubts about the accuracy of EU-government budget figures -- doubts that have threatened to delay adoption of the euro by the bloc's new member countries.
Mr. Kondopirakis, 58 years old, was tapped as Greece's statistics chief 17 months ago because of his reputation for integrity, according to George Alogoskoufis, finance minister for Greece's new government. "Nobody trusted us. That had to change," says Mr. Alogoskoufis, who describes Mr. Kondopirakis as "a very serious technocrat."
For Mr. Kondopirakis, it was a detour from a career in teaching in the U.S., where he emigrated to study at age 18 and started teaching math at Cooper Union's engineering school in 1979. At the downtown New York City institution, he was known as a particularly tough taskmaster. On a Web site devoted to reviewing professors, one Cooper Union student writes, "He will ruin you[r] life and your" grade-point average. Another writes, using the professor's nickname, "if you go through kondo's class, keep up. To pass, you'll know the material better than anyone else could ever expect to. Although he's terrifying the first time around."
The appointment also represented a return to Greece for Mr. Kondopirakis, whose only other sabbatical from teaching was to run the statistics agency from 1990 to 1993, the last time the conservatives held power. He describes that first term as routine. "There was no pressure then to submit low deficit figures."
Since 1997, EU members adopting the euro have been required to keep their public deficits at less than 3% of their country's gross domestic product. Governments were judged on how low their deficits were, creating an incentive for publishing false figures not only in Greece. Italy and Portugal have been criticized by the EU as overestimating pension revenues and income from the sale of state assets.
When he returned to Athens, Mr. Kondopirakis says he found "a shocking mess." During a recent interview, the statistics chief cited three main reasons behind the problem: a culture where estimates were often as good as hard facts, dubious accounting of defense spending and overly optimistic estimates of revenue.
It didn't help that Greece also was organizing the 2004 Summer Olympics, which the socialist government estimated would cost €3 billion. Now it looks like the games cost at least €10 billion.
After Mr. Kondopirakis and his team imposed new standards for some 2,000 Greek municipalities, public hospitals and other government agencies, the country had to change its deficit figures. In 1999, the year Greece won adoption of the euro, for example, the reported 1.8% deficit was revised to 3.4%. All told, Greece's budget revisions amounted to 18.4% of its GDP.
The revelation caused an uproar among European policy makers. European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet called Greece's revisions "a real enormous problem" that could hurt the euro's credibility. The European Commission, the EU's executive arm, wrote new standards for statistical accuracy. While there is no mechanism under EU law for expelling a euro-zone member like Greece, policy makers warned the disclosure could delay the EU's 10 new members in getting the euro because many have deficits near or higher than 3% of GDP and their budget figures now are less likely to be trusted.
Mr. Kondopirakis says Greece made excessive use of what statisticians call the sampling method -- mathematical projections to estimate money spent and then projecting those numbers nationwide. It was a cheap, easy system, he says, that "also created a lot of potential for twisting the figures." Eurostat, the EU's statistics agency, was suspicious of Greece's numbers for years and published them with an asterisk to flag problems in the country's statistical methodology.
"How can you think a country is lying and do nothing about it but put up an asterisk?" asks Mr. Kondopirakis. Former Eurostat director Michel Vanden Abeele says he had no choice at the time. "The only thing binding was a gentlemen's agreement," he says. Under new rules approved by EU finance ministers this past spring, Eurostat will have the right to request more-detailed accounts from a country.
Mr. Kondopirakis's solution was to start counting every bean. He created a special task force of 40 to send questionnaires and guidelines to Greece's 1,000 municipalities, 134 public hospitals, 170 social-security offices and other government offices, each with its own budget. He declines to specify names, but he says most places didn't understand many principles of modern bookkeeping. Some municipalities didn't keep detailed books at all. "There were mountain villages without computers," he says. "They had no records for cash flows, income, stocks, bonds."
With defense spending, the problem was accounting methodology. In the late 1990s, the Greek government embarked on a military spending spree and didn't count much of the equipment in its budget, arguing that was necessary only when everything had been delivered, many years later. Mr. Kondopirakis required the defense ministry book all payments in the year they were made.
Mr. Kondopirakis says the previous government inflated tax revenue and EU aid money received to pay for everything from olive-tree subsidies to road construction. He advised the government to be more modest in its estimates.
So far, Mr. Kondopirakis has won plaudits from some quarters. Mr. Vanden Abeele, the former Eurostat director, praised him at a meeting of EU finance ministers late last year, according to people at the closed meeting.
Officials from Greece's former government have a very different view. "This is a predirected exercise in order to blacken the opposition," says Nikolaos Christodoulakis, Greece's finance minister from 2001 to 2004 and now a member of the country's parliament. Mr. Kondopirakis's moves have been counterproductive, he adds. "Now everybody thinks we're liars."
Mr. Kondopirakis responds, "That's nonsense. I'm a scientist, not a politician. People know that I'm tough and that I won't bow to political pressure."
The math professor has agreed to stay on until the next elections in 2008 or as long as Cooper Union extends his unpaid leave. After that, he wants to go back to teaching. "I love my kids," he says of his students. "I'm tough with them, but the ones who stick with me, I think they love me, too."
As for the government officials who practiced what he calls lax accounting: he says they are like students who may initially get a failing grade. "It could be that the kid just doesn't understand. It doesn't mean he isn't smart."
Write to John W. Miller at john.miller@dowjones.com